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Personal Pronouns

The following are the basic personal pronouns of Lisadian. The root change that takes place with the addition of case endings are given in parentheses.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st Person	dae (d-)	dih (dev-)	dir (di-)
2nd Person	gae (g-)	gih (gev-)	seir (siri-)
3rd Person (anim)	ve (vi-)	vih (viv-)	veir (viri-)
3rd Person (inanim)	se (si-)	se (si-)	se (si-)

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Plural Forms

Lisadian has two different plurals called the R plural and the H plural. Most nouns take the R plural while a small subset of nouns take the H plural. The H plural originates from what was historically a dual form and is still productive with pronouns. The H plural is generally used for nouns that come in pairs (i.e. eyes, ears, hands, shoes, etc.) The H plural can be replaced by the R plural for such nouns in the case where it should be emphasized that there is a very large number of them.

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Grammatical and Abstract Cases

Lisadian has 7 grammatical/abstract cases. The agentive case is the basic, uninflected form of a noun and is used to mark the agent of a clause, most often being the subject of a transitive clause. The patientive case marks the patient of a clause. When used to mark the argument of an intransitive clause, it often involves the degree of volition over the verbal action exercised by the participant. The genitive case marks possession and usually precedes the noun being possessed. The instrumental case is used similarly to the word “with” in English with both instrumental and commitative meanings. The caritive case indicates the lack of something, often translated to English as “without” or “-less.” The essive case marks “being in the state of something” and often translates to English as “as” or “when one was…” Finally, the vocative is used when addressing or calling out to the noun in question. The following are the basic suffixes for each case:

	Singular	R Plural	H Plural
Agentive	-	-ir	-ih
Patientive	-a	-ia	-eva
Genitive	-i	-ei	-evi
Instrumental	-u	-iu	-evu
Caritive*	-aen	-iaen	-evaen
Essive	-una	-iuna	-evuna
Vocative	-ae	-iae	-evae

To demonstrate the case endings and the different plural forms, the following are inflectional charts for the nouns “durin” (house) and “niu” (eye):

*The caritive ending is spelled as “-oen” in the native orthography.

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Locative Cases

Lisadian has 6 locative cases, three static cases involving location and three dynamic cases involving motion. The three static cases are the adessive for being “at” or “on” something, the inessive for being “inside” something, and the abessive for being “away from” or “absent from” something. The abessive can also be used similarly to the caritive case, the difference is the caritive marks a lack of possession while the abessive marks the absence of something; for example, durmaen furnu would mean “I live homelessly or without the use of a house (I do not have a house)” while durmi furnu would mean “I am currently living outside of my house or away from my house (but I have a house).” The abessive case is also used with the negation of verbs to mark patients. The three dynamic cases are the allative for motion “to” or “onto” something, the illative for motion “into” something, and the ablative for motion “away from” something. The following are the basic suffixes for each locative case:

	Singular	R Plural	H Plural
Adessive	-ah	-iah	-evah
Inessive	-in	-ein	-evin
Abessive	-i	-ei	-evi
Allative	-e	-ie	-eve
Illative	-ine	-eine	-evine
Ablative	-ise	-eise	-evise

Again, the case endings are demonstrated below using the nouns “durin” (house) and “niu” (eye):

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Adjectives and Agreement

Adjectives take on the suffix -a when modifying a noun in its uninflected, agentive form. This suffix is then replaced by the appropriate suffix to agree with the noun in case and number (i.e. vu “big” → vula durin “a big house” → vulei durmei, vulin durmin, vuliah durmiah, etc.)

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